Scenarios about 'umayyad caliphate'
The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad, ruling from 661 to 750 CE and expanding Islamic territory from Spain to India. Under Umayyad rule, Arabic became the administrative language across their territories, Islamic art and architecture flourished, and the foundations were laid for Islamic civilization's golden age. In alternate history scenarios, the Umayyad Caliphate often serves as a point of divergence for timelines exploring different outcomes of early Islamic expansion or longer-lasting unified Muslim political entities.
What If the Battle of Tours Was Lost by Charles Martel?
Exploring how European history would have unfolded if Umayyad forces had defeated the Franks in 732 CE, potentially allowing Islamic expansion to continue into Western Europe.